Ageing, ageism, and lost honor: Narratives of Arab elders in Israel

Main Article Content

Shlomit Manor

Abstract

This study examines how Arab elders in Israel experience old age and speak about ageism, old age, and loss of honor. Interviews were conducted with 25 Arab men and women, both Muslims and Christians, between the ages of 63 and 86. The findings indicate that despite Arab society being a familial and traditional society, informants experience ageism and feelings of loss of respect and status in both the public and private spheres. The findings reveal a multilayered discourse, inconsistent and incoherent, riddled with internal contradictions about honor, exclusion, ageism, and its absence. This discourse reflects Arab society’s ambivalence about the ongoing processes of modernization on the one hand, and the desire to preserve traditional family values and the status of older populations on the other. The issue of ageism within Arab society in Israel has not thus far drawn much attention in the field of gerontological research, and this study therefore aims to fill this gap.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Article Details

Section
Articles

References

Aboderin, I. (2004). Modernisation and ageing theory revisited: Current explanations of recent developing world and historical western shifts in material family support for older people. Ageing & Society 24(1): 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X03001521

Azaiza, F. & Brodsky, J. (2003). The aging of Israeli’s Arab population: Needs, existing responses and dilemmas in the development of services for a society in transition. The Israel Medical Association Journal 5: 383–386.

Azaiza, F. & Croytoru T. (2010). A change in the status of the elderly in Arab society. In Y. Brick & A. Lowenstein (eds.), The Elderly and The Family (pp. 75–89). Jerusalem: Eshel.

Bergman, Y. S., Bodner, E. & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2013). Cross-cultural age­ism: Ageism and attitudes toward aging among Jews and Arabs in Israel. International Psychogeriatrics 25(1): 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610212001548

Bodner, E. (2009). On the origin of ageism among older and younger adults. International Psychogeriatrics 21(6): 1003–1014. https://doi.org/10.1017/S104161020999055X

Bodner, E., Bergman, Y. & Cohen-Fridel, S. (2012). Different dimensions of ageist attitudes among men and women: A multigenerational perspec­tive. International Psychogeriatrics 24(6): 895–901. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211002936

Bodner, E., Cohen-Fridel, S. & Yaretzky, A. (2011). Sheltered housing or community dwelling: Quality of life and ageism among elderly peo­ple. International Psychogeriatrics 23(8): 1197–1204. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001025

Bourdieu, P. (1996). Understanding. Theory, Culture & Society 13(2): 17–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610211001025

Butler, R. N. (1969). Ageism: Another form of bigotry. The Gerontologist 9: 243–246. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.4_Part_1.243

Butler, R. N. (1975). Why survive? Being old in America. New York: Harper and Row.

Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS) 2016. The Arab population of Israel. Pop­ulation by religion No. 2.2 Available on http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/ newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201711113

Chi, I. (2011). Cross-cultural gerontology research methods: Challenges and solutions. Ageing & Society 31(3): 371–385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X10000942

Chonody, J. & Teater, B. (2016). Why do I dread looking old? A test of social identity theory, terror management theory and the double standard of aging. Journal of Women & Aging 28(2): 112–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/08952841.2014.950533

Cuddy, A. J., Norton, M. I. & Fiske, S. T. (2005). This old stereotype: The pervasiveness and persistence of the elderly stereotype. Journal of Social Issues 61(2): 267–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2005.00405.x

Creswell, W. J. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. London: Sage.

Denzin, N. & Lincoln, S. (2008). Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Doron, I. (2008). Ageism and anti-ageism in supreme court rulings. Hamishpat 14: 25–37. (Hebrew).

Fogiel-Bijaoui, S. (2002). Familism, postmodernity and the state: The case of Israel. The Journal of Israeli History 21(1–2): 38–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/13531040212331295852

Fraboni, M., Saltstone, R. & Hughes, S. (1990). The Fraboni scale of age­ism (FSA): An attempt at a more precise measure of ageism. Canadian Journal on Aging 9: 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980800016093

Gamliel, T. & Hazan, H. (2006). The meaning of stigma: Identity construction in two old -age institutions. Ageing & Society 26(3): 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X0500454X

Gilleard, C. (2018). Suffering: The darker side of ageing. Journal of Aging Studies 44: 28–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2017.12.001

Giorgi, A. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomeno­logical method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenome­nological Psychology 28: 235–260. https://doi.org/10.1163/156916297X00103

Gliksman, A. & Litwin, H. (2011). International spotlight: Israel. The Gerontologist 51(6): 734–738. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnr104

Hazan, H. (1994). Old Age: Constructions and Deconstructions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511621925

Hazan, H. (2002). Aging in the global village. In Y. Brik (ed.), Politics on Old Age (pp. 30–50). Tel-Aviv: HakibbutzHameuchd. (Hebrew).

Hazan, H. (2013). In praise of ageism: On the roots of flourishing dis­course. In I. Doron (ed.), Ageism in the Israeli Society: The Social Construc­tion of Old Age (pp. 52–66). Van Leer Jerusalem: HakibbutzHameuchd. (Hebrew).

Iversen, T. N., Larsen, L. & Solem, P. E. (2009). A conceptual analysis of ageism. Nordic Psychology 61(3): 4–22. https://doi.org/10.1027/1901-2276.61.3.4

Khalaila, R. (2009). Modernization and filial piety to elderly parents in Arab-Israeli society. Israel Gerontological Society 4: 77–98. (Hebrew).

Khalaila, R. & Litwin H. (2012). Modernization and filial piety among traditional family care-givers: A study of Arab-Israelis in cultural transition. Ageing & Society 32(5): 769–789. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X11000572

Koren, H. (2013). What is it ageism? Structure and definition the concept. In I. Doron (ed.), Ageism in the Israeli Society: The Social Construction of Old Age (pp. 28–51). Van Leer Jerusalem: HakibbutzHameuchd. (Hebrew).

Lavee, Y. & Katz, R. (2003). The family in Israel: Between tradition and modernity. Marriage and Family Review 34: 193–217. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v35n01_11

Levy, B. R. (2001). Eradication of ageism requires addressing the enemy within. The Gerontologist 41(5): 578–579. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.5.578

Levy, B. R. (2003). Mind matters: Cognitive and physical effects of aging self -stereotypes. Journal of Gerontology 58B(4): 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/58.4.P203

Litwin, H. (2006). The path to well-being among elderly Arab Israelis. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology 21(1): 25–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-006-9019-x

Litwin, H. & Zoabi, S. (2003). Modernization and elder abuse in an Arab-Israeli context. Research on Aging 25(3): 224–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027503025003002

Löckenhoff, C. E., De Fruyt, F., Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., De Bolle, M., Costa, P. T., Aguilar-Vafaie, M. E., Ahn, C. K., Ahn, H. N., Alcalay, L., Allik, J., Avdeyeva, T. V., Barbaranelli, C., Benet-Martinez, V., Blatný, M., Bratko, D., Cain, T. R., Crawford, J. T., Lima, M. P., Ficková, E., Gheorghiu, M., Halberstadt, J., Hrebícková, M., Jussim, L., Klinkosz, W., Knezevic, G., de Figueroa, N. L., Martin, T. A., Marusic, I., Mastor, K. A., Miramontez, D. R., Nakazato, K., Nansubuga, F., Pramila, V. S., Realo, A., Rolland, J. P., Rossier, J., Schmidt, V., Sekowski, A., Shakespeare-Finch, J., Shimonaka, Y., Simonetti, F., Siuta, J., Smith, P. B., Szmigielska, B., Wang, L., Yamaguchi, M. & Yik, M. (2009). Perceptions of aging across 26 cultures and their culture-level associates. Psychology and Aging 24(4): 941–954. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016901

Lomsky-Feder, E. & Rapoport, T. (2007). Speaking their language? Estrangement, home and power relations in interviews with immi­grants. Megamot 44: 636–654. (Hebrew).

Lowenstein, A. & Katz, R. (2000). Rural Arab families coping with caregiv­ing. Marriage & Family Review 30(1–2): 179–197. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v30n01_11

Lowenstein, A., Katz, R. & Gur-Yaish, N. (2007). Reciprocity in parent-child exchange and life satisfaction among the elderly: Across national per­spective. Journal of Social Issues 63: 865–883. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2007.00541.x

Macia, E., Lahman, A., Baali, A., Boetsch, G. & Chapuis-Lucciani, N. (2009). Perception of age stereotypes and self-perception of aging: A comparison of French and Moroccan populations. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology 24: 391–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-009-9103-0

Manor, S. (2017). Trying to be someone you can never be again: Retirement as a signifier of old age. Ageing & Society 37(5): 985–1005. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X16000155

Manor, S. (2018). There is nobody to rely on: Cracks in the intergenera­tional contract among the elders in Arab Society in Israel. Journal of Family Issues 39(11): 2935–2957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X18770234

Minichiello, V., Browne, J. & Kendig, H. (2000). Perceptions and con­sequences of ageism: Views of older people. Ageing & Society 20(3): 253–278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X99007710

North, M. S. & Fiske, S. T. (2015). Modern attitudes toward older adults in the aging world: A cross-cultural meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin 141(5): 993. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039469

Palmore, E. B. (1977). Facts on aging: A short quiz. Gerontologist 17: 315–320. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/17.4.315

Palmore, E. B. (2001). The ageism survey: First results. The Gerontologist 41(5): 572–575. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/41.5.572

Palmore, E. B. (2004). Ageism in Canada and the United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Gerontology 19: 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JCCG.0000015098.62691.ab

Rosencranz, H. A. & McNevin, T. E. (1969). A factor analysis of attitudes toward aged. The Gerontologist 9: 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.1.55

Rupp, D. E., Vodanovich, S. J. & Crede, M. (2005). The multidimensional nature of ageism: Construct validity and group differences. The Journal of Social Psychology 145(3): 335–362. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.145.3.335-362

Russell, C. (2007). What do older women and men want? Gender differ­ences in the “lived experience” of ageing. Current Sociology 55: 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392107073300

Smooha, S. (1990). Minority status in an ethnic democracy: The status of Arab minority in Israel. Ethnic and Recial Studies 13(3): 389–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.1990.9993679

Tajfel, H. (1981). Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worschel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks.

Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. Psychology of Intergroup Relations 5: 7–24.

Tornstam, L. (2006). The complexity of ageism: A proposed typology. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 1(1): 43–68. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.061143

Tornstam, L. (2007). Stereotypes of old people persist: A Swedish “facts on aging quiz” in a 23-year comparative perspective. International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 2(1): 33–59. https://doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.072133

Yun, R. J. & Lachman, J. M. (2006). Perceptions of aging in two cultures: Korean and American views on old age. Journal of Cross Cultural Geron­tology 21(1–2): 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-006-9018-y