Determinants of resilience for people ageing in remote places: a case study in northern Australia
Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how people managed to stay resilient as they aged in remote places. In Western developed countries, “successful ageing” is associated with older people’s right to age in their chosen place. To remain resilient, older people require support to supplement diminishing self-reliance associated with increasing frailty. Such support services do not extend to remote communities, making it difficult to age in place. This article reports on a case study of ageing in remote places, from the perspective of seniors within a small community in remote northern Australia. The study found how older people attempt through volunteer efforts, to supplement the gaps in aged support services. This collective effort to achieve ageing in place demonstrated greater integration with place and social resilience within the community. However, seniors’ social resilience was seen as tenuous, given collective self-reliance is based on volunteer efforts of older people.
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Since 2020 the International Journal of Ageing and Later Life uses a Creative Commons: Attribution license, which allows users to distribute the work and to reform or build upon it without the author's permission. Full reference to the author must be given.
References
Anderson, K. & Kvist, E. (2015). The neoliberal turn and the marketization of care: The transformation of eldercare in Sweden. European Journal of Women’s Studies 22(3): 274–287. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1350506814544912
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2011). ARIA Index. Available on www.abs.gov.au/austats/abs@nsf/mf/1270.0.55.005?OpenDocument (Accessed: May 15, 2016).
Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2016). 3101.0 – Australian Demographic Statistics. Available on http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/ DetailsPage/3101.0Sep%202015?OpenDocument (Accessed: July 1, 2017).
Birks, M. & Mills, J. (2015) Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide (2nd ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Companion.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2013). Healthy Places. CDC series 24/7: Saving lives, protecting people. Available on www. cdc.gov/healthyplaces/terminology.htm (Accessed: May 15, 2016).
Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded theory (2nd ed.). London, UK: Sage.
Clark, P. G., Burbank, P. M., Greene, G., Owens, N. & Riebe, D. (2011). What do we know about resilience in older adults? An exploration of some facts, factors, and facets. In B. Resnick, L. P. Gwyther & K. A. Roberto (eds.), Resilience in Aging: Concepts, Research, and Outcomes (pp. 51–66). New York, NY: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0232-0_4
Daly, T. & Grant. G. (2008). Crossing borders: Lifecourse, rural ageing and disability. In N. Keating (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? (pp. 11–20). Bristol, UK: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.003.0002
Eales, J., Keefe, J. & Keating, N. (2008). Age-friendly rural communities. In N. Keating (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? (pp. 109–120). Bristol, UK: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.003.0011
Fiest, H. (2016). Ageing in rural Australia. Australian Ageing Agenda August: 16.
Gale, F. & Bolzen, N. (2013). Social resilience: Challenging neo-colonial thinking and practices around ‘risk’. Journal of Youth Studies 16(2): 257– 271. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2012.704985
Gibb, H. (2016). Five years on from the inquiry: Caring for older Australians, what is the viability of ageing in remote places, in Australia? Research Report, Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University. Available on www.cdu.edu.au/northern-institute/research
Gibb, H. (2017). Remote aged care: Bush communities need different approach. Community Care Review Winter: 10–11.
Gjertsen, T., Ryser, L. & Halseth, G. (2016). Gamvik, ‘a good place to grow old: The role of voluntary organizations in an ageing resources-dependent municipality in northern Norway. In M. Skinner & N. Hanlon (eds.), Ageing Resource Communities: New Frontiers of Rural Population Change, Community Development and Voluntarism (pp. 106–118). London: Routledge.
Hanlon, N., Skinner, M., Joseph, A., Ryser, L. & Halseth, G. (2014). Place integration through efforts to support healthy aging in resource frontier communities: The role of voluntary sector leadership. Health and Place 29: 132–139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.07.003
Hildon, Z., Montgomery, S. M., Blane, D., Wiggins, R. D. & Netuveli, G. (2010). Examining resilience in the face of health related and psychosocial adversity at older ages: What’s right about the way we age? Gerontologist 50(1): 36–47.
Hochhalter, A. K., Smith, M. L. & Ory, M. G. (2011). Successful aging and resilience: Applications for public health and health care. In B. Resnick, L.P. Gwyther & K.A. Roberto (eds.), Resilience in Aging: Concepts, Research, and Outcomes (pp. 15–30). New York, NY: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0232-0_2
Jones, L. & Heley, J. (2016). Practices of participation and voluntarism among older people in rural Wales: Choice, obligation and constraints to active ageing. European Society for Rural Sociology, Sociologica Ruralis 56(2): 176–196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12073
Keating, N. (2008a). Revisiting rural ageing. In N. Keating (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? (pp. 121–130). Bristol, UK: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.003.0012
Keating, N. (ed.). (2008b). Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? Bristol, UK: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.001.0001
Keating, N., Eales, J. & Phillips, J. (2013). Age-friendly rural communities: Conceptualizing ‘best-fit’. Canadian Journal on Aging 32(4): 319–332. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0714980813000408
Kendig, H., Honge Gong, C., Cannon, L. & Browning, C. (2017). Preferences and predictors of ageing in place. Longitudinal evidence from Melbourne Australia. Journal of Housing for the Elderly 31(3): 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02763893.2017.1280582
Lewis, J. (2014). The role of the social engagement in the definition of successful ageing among Alaska native elders in Bristol Bay, Alaska. Psychology and Developing Societies 26(2): 263–290. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0971333614549143
Lindeman, M. A., Smith, K., LoGiudici, D. C. & Elliott, M. (2017). Community care for Indigenous older people: An update. Australasian Journal on Ageing 36(2): 124–127. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12316
McMunn, A. Breeze, E. Goodman, A. Nazroo, J. & Oldfield, Z. (2006). Social determinants of health in older age. In M. Marmot & R. G. Wilkinson (eds.), Social Determinants of Health, 2nd edition (pp. 267–296). Oxford, UK, OUP.
Milbourne, P. (2016). Austerity, welfare reform, and older people in rural places: Competing discourses of voluntarism and community? In M Skinner & N. Hanlon (eds.), Ageing Resource Communities: New Frontiers of Rural Population Change, Community Development and Voluntarism (pp. 74–88). London: Routledge.
Mlinac, M. E., Sheeran, T. H., Blissner, B., Lees, F. & Martins, D. (2011). Psychological resilience. In B. Resnick, L. P. Gwyther & K. A. Roberto (eds.), Resilience in Aging: Concepts, Research, and Outcomes (pp. 67–88). New York, NY: Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0232-0_5
National Rural Health Alliance (NRHA). (2011). Improving the Prospects for Healthy Ageing and Aged Care in Rural and Remote Australia. Submission in response to the Productivity Commission’s Draft Report: Caring for Older Australians. Available on www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/ aged-care/submissions/subdr0887.pdf (Accessed: May 25, 2016).
Netuveli, G. & Blane, D. (2008). Quality of life in older ages. British Medical Bulletin 85 (1): 113–126. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldn003
Productivity Commission. Caring for older Australians. (2011). Report No 53, Final Inquiry Report, Canberra. Available on http://www.pc.gov.au/ inquiries/completed/aged-care/report (Accessed: January 11, 2016).
Pfefferbaum, B., Richard, L. & Pfefferbaum, R. L. (2017). A conceptual framework to enhance community resilience using social capital. Clinical Social Work Journal 45(2), 102–110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-015-0556-z
Reynolds, J. (2015). Stories of creative writing. Working with Older People 19(1): 3–11. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/WWOP-11-2014-0035
Rural Health Standing Committee (RHSC). (2011). National Strategic Framework for Rural and Remote Health. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia, ACT.
Rogers, M., Winterton, R., Warburton, J. & O’Keefe, S. (2015). Water management and healthy ageing in rural Australia: Economic, social and cultural considerations. Environment and Behaviour 47(5): 551–569. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513502355
Rozanova, J., Dosman, D. & Gierveld, J, (2008). Participation in rural contexts: Community matters. In N. Keating (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? (pp. 75–86). Bristol, UK: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.003.0008
Ryff, C. (2014). Psychological well-being revisited: Advances in the science and practice of eudaimonia. Psychotherapy and Psychometrics 83(1): 10–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1159/000353263
Scharf, T. & Bartlam, B. (2008). Ageing and social exclusion in rural communities. In N. Keating (ed.), Rural Ageing: A Good Place to Grow Old? (pp. 97–108). Bristol, UK: Policy Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781861349019.003.0010
Skinner, M. & Hanlon, P. (eds.). (2016a). Ageing Resource Communities: New Frontiers of Rural Population Change, Community Development and Voluntarism. London: Routledge.
Skinner, M. & Hanlon, P. (2016b). Introduction to ageing resource communities. In M. Skinner & P. Hanlon (eds.), Ageing Resource Communities: New Frontiers of Rural Population Change, Community Development and Voluntarism (pp. 1–8). London: Routledge.
Skinner, M. & Joseph, A. (2011). Placing voluntarism within evolving spaces of care in ageing rural communities. GeoJournal 76 (2): 151–162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-009-9283-8
Skinner, M., Joseph, A., Hanlon, N., Haleth, G. & Ryser, L. (2014). Growing old in resource communities: Exploring the links between voluntarism, aging, and community development. The Canadian Geographer 58(4): 418–428. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12087
Stephens, C., Breheny, M. & Mansvelt, J. (2015). Healthy ageing from the perspective of older people: A capability approach to resilience. Psychology & Health 30(6): 715–731. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.904862
Stones, D. & Gullifer, J. (2016). ‘At home it’s just so much easier to be yourself’: Older adults’ perceptions of ageing in place. Ageing and Society 36(3): 449–481. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14001214
Taylor, A. & Payer, H. (2017). Population Ageing in Northern Australia: Seniors’ Voices on Ageing in Place. Journal of Population Ageing 10(2): 181–196. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-016-9156-0
Tuohy, R. & Stephens, C. (2016). Older adults’ meanings of preparedness: A New Zealand perspective. Ageing and Society 36(3): 613–630. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X14001408
van Abbema, R., Bielderman, A., De Greef, M., Hobbelen, H., Krijnen, W. & van de Schans, C. (2015). Building from a conceptual model of the resilience process during ageing, towards the Groningen Aging Resilience Inventory. Journal of Advanced Nursing 71(9): 2208–2219. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12685
Vaneeckhaute, L.E., Vanwing, T., Jacquet, W., Abelshausen, B. & Meurs, M. (2017). Community resilience: Toward a comprehensive conception of community-level resilience. Community Development 48(5): 735–751. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2017.1369443
Welsh, M. (2014). Resilience and responsibility: Governing uncertainty in a complex world. The Geographical Journal 180(1): 15–26. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12012
Wiersma, E. (2016). Voluntarism, community culture, and ageing in place in resource-based communities. In M. Skinner & P. Hanlon (eds.), Ageing Resource Communities: New Frontiers of Rural Population Change, Community Development and Voluntarism (pp. 179–192). London: Routledge.
Winterton, R. & Warburton, J. (2014). Healthy ageing in Australia’s rural places: The contribution of older volunteers. Voluntary Sector Review 5(2): 181–201. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1332/204080514X14020463739601
Winterton, R. & Warburton, J. (2016). Civic and voluntary contributions of retirement migrants and their impact on rural community sustainability: Perceptions of local governments. In M. Skinner & P. Hanlon (eds.), Ageing Resource Communities: New Frontiers of Rural Population Change, Community Development and Voluntarism (pp. 164–178). London: Routledge.
Zeng, B., Brokensha, H. & Taylor, A. (2014). A report on the policy and economic impacts from rapid growth in the number of senior Territorians. Research Report, Northern Institute, Charles Darwin University. Available on www.cdu.edu.au/northern-institute/research (Accessed: November 1, 2015).